(1) Manually used oil absorption material

Method abstract: manually operate and use the oil absorption material to absorb oils

Scope of application: low viscous oil

(2) Low-pressure water flushing (environment temperature)

Method abstract: flush the oil on surface coat with low-pressure water; the flushing water will be flow to the recovery area via the drain ditch

Scope of application: dirty oil on horizontal surface of the wharf

(3) High pressure hot water flushing

Method abstract: flush the oil on surface coat with high-pressure water; the flushing water will be flow to the recovery area via the drain ditch

Scope of application: dirty oil on horizontal surface of the wharf

(4) Manual scraping

Method abstract: scrape the oil from the quay by hand tools

Applicable scope: used for heavy oil irremovable by other removing technologies

When the water is used to remove the oil on artificial works, the chemical scavenging agent can enhance the flushing effect, however the chemical scavenging agent used must be approved by the maritime authority.

Conventional and concentration oil spill dispersant are used for the coastline removal operation; the hydrocarbon solvent in the conventional oil spill dispersant has significant penetrability, suitable for the treatment to thick or weathered oil.

For viscous oil on artificial works, the conventional dispersant is used firstly to impregnate the oil, generally 20 to 40 liters are applied per square meter; impregnating for 15 to 30 minutes then flush with water.  For non-weathered oils, the seawater with 1~5% water-solubility dispersant can be used.  If the oil in the flushing water is required to be recovered, the oil boom can be used to contain the oil-contained flushing water, then the oil receiver or the oil absorption material is used.  Also the fence made of adsorbing material can be used to contain the flushing water with adsorbed oil.

2.4.3.1 Chemicals type and decontamination policy

The bulk liquid chemicals can be classified into the following four types according to specific gravity and solubility:

(1) Sinkable chemicals- the specific gravity being greater than that of water, water insoluble.

(2) Water soluble chemicals- soluble in water; difficult in volatilization and evaporation before the solubilization.

(3) Floating chemicals- the specific gravity being less than that of water, fixed liquid goods.

(4) Volatile chemicals- the specific gravity being less than that of water, highly volatile liquid.

The emergency action policies for each chemicals leak type are as follows:

(1)Sinkable chemicals

For the ambient temperature lower than solidifying point, the labour obtaining is also taken into account but the safety of decontamination staff should be guaranteed first. Receiving equipments such as machenical dredging unit or pump/ vacuum suitable for shallow water are utilized; the decontamination measure should be determined according to the site practical situation and the emergency action is carried out by coordinating all parties.

(2)Water soluble chemicals

The emergency action can be taken theoretically but seldom used in practice because the emergency action is likely to increase the hazard to the health and environment all around. Generally the more feasible emergency method is to dilute and stir the water body to reduce the risk to  human being. Repeatedly mechanical stirring and dispersal measure to the pollution waters helps to promote this course.

(3) Floating chemicals

The emergency action to oil-like chemicals leakage refers to the oil spill accident emergency measures.

Emergency measures for oil spill and oil-like substance spill are suitable for this type of pollution damage. The oil boom is used to restrict the diffusion of floating matter so as to protect the area likely to be damaged. Different types of equipments can be selected according to different ambient conditions and anticipated purpose; in addition suitable oil boom materials should be selected (e.g. PVC oil boom is not applicable to the containing of liquid chemicals). Oil receivers (such as diaphragm pump) and oil absorption material should also be considered to recover the substance on the surface. For example, the paraxylene is adsorbed by active carbon or other inert materials.

For oil-like liquid chemicals of the thickness about 0.1mm, oil dispersant, oil absorption material and combustion method can be used.

If the contaminant diffuses to the coastline, our company will adopt hot water flushing, lime powder spraying and straw brushing according to different condition, but the material recovery after the removal must be noticed in order to avoid the  secondary comtamination.

(4) Volatile chemical substances

The emergency action to he leakage accident of volatile chemical substances is highly limited. In theory, the fire foam (dissolution resistance should be used and supplied by the fire fighting facilities of the vessel part or the wharf party, and relevant measures should be adopted) can be used to cover the chemical substances in order to reduce the volatilizing rate. Generally substances with low-flash will be volatilized in few minutes, therefore in practice it is the best choice to issue an alert to the downwind area as soon as possible.

The leakalge recovery facility of volatile chemical substances must take the fire prevention and explosive prevention into account. Part of chemicals vapour is heavier than air and is likely to accumulate on the water surface and diffuse to farside place. The emergency treatment must take the risk factor of back flash under naked flame into account.

Notice: for detailed recovery and treatment method, the MSDS of leakage chemical should be inquired to the vessel party or the wharf party having signed the agreement.

2.4.3.2 Special notice of chemical leakage accident emergency

In the emergency reaction to the chemical contamination accident, field operation and first aid attendant should give priority to the safety of decontamination staff and adopt suitable measures to prevent the accident upgrade. Therefore the following should be paid special attention to when emergency measures are adopted:

(1) Follow the instruction of government regulation department and carry out the contaminant removal operation on precondition of ensuring the staff safety.

(2) Prevent the occurrence of fire hazard and explosion hazard. Especially when some chemicals occur the leakage, it is extremely to cause the fire hazard owing to its high volatility.

(3) Early stage of the leakage is the stage of maximum chemical evaporation. All vessel crew, decontamination and rescue staff should be at the windward of the contaminant. Close unnecessary air inlet on board and eliminate all potential ignition source, and adopt measures to prevent the inflammable gas from entering into the living accommodation and the engine room; Anyone and any vessel are prohibited to enter into the contaminant area. The decontamination work should be conducted at the peripheral region of the contaminant. Staffs are allowed to perform the decontamination operation only after certain period of natural volatilization of the contaminant has been elapsed. During the decontamination operation, adequate overwater and overland fire control power should be ensured for the monitoring; once the fire hazard occurs, the extinguishment rescue efforts can be taken immediately.

(4) All vessels and power equipment instruments assisting in the decontamination must be provided with the spark arrester to prevent the spark generated during the decontamination operation.

(5) Site commander should watch closely to the contaminant shifting and the trends of decontamination operation; the decontamination operation should not be made under danger conditions.

(6) After the chemical leakage accident happens, inner layer disposal area, warning area and periphery dispersion area should be defined centred by the location of leak in considering the volatilization toxicity, flammability, weather and oceanic condition. The front-line treatment staff and environmental monitoring staff should be remained within the interior emergency disposal ares. Top class protection requirement should be met such as self-support positive pressure respirator, poison infiltration proof work clothes, etc; Emergency material meeting point, fire-fighting equipment meeting point and residual liquid recovery facility place should be provided within the alert area. Therefore the emergency equipment transporting staff, fire control stand-to staff and environmental monitoring staff should be remained; second-line treatment staff should be provided with the filtering gas mask and the electrostatic prevention work clothes, etc.; Front line commanders, guard staff and environmental monitoring staff should be left in the periphery dispersion area. Corresponding personal protection equipments should be prepared. Above protection equipments are deployed according to the characteristic of specific chemicals.

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