翻译资源

Cost Questions 
What is life cycle costing? 什么是全生命周期成本？ Concept of including acquisition, operating, maintenance, and disposal costs; total cost of ownership包括获取，运行，维护和废弃成本；所有者的总成本
Which of the following includes an audit; Administrative Closure or Contract Closure? 下列哪一个包括采购审计：行政收尾还是合同收尾? Contract Closure includes an audit.合同收尾包括采购审计
What is "chart of accounts"? 什么是会计科目表? Coding structure used to report financial information in general ledger.  Code of accounts is numbering of WBS elements编码结构用于报告总账目表中的财务信息。编码结构是工作分解结构要素的唯一编码。

What are cost accounts? 什么是成本账号？ They represent the basic level at which project performance is measured and reported.它们描述了项目绩效报告和标准的基本水平

Risk Questions 
Generally speaking, in what project phase are risk and opportunity greater than the amount at stake by the widest margin? 总体来说，在哪一阶段风险带来的机遇最大？ Initiation启动
Describe the difference between an internal risk and an external risk.描述内部风险和外部风险的不同之处 An internal risk is under the control or influence of the project team; external is beyond control or influence.项目团队对内部风险进行控制并施加影响，外部风险超出了控制和可施加影响的范围
What is purpose of a risk management plan?  What should it include? 风险管理计划的目标是什么？它包括哪些？ To document the procedures that should be used to manage risk throughout the project. It should include the risk identification and risk quantification; how contingency plans will be implemented; how reserves will be allocated.贯穿于整个项目过程的说明如何管理风险的文档化程序。包括风险识别和量化；应对计划如何执行；如何分配储备。
What is a reserve? 什么是储备资源？ A provision in the project plan to mitigate cost and/or schedule risk. Management reserves are for “unknown unknowns” and contingency reserves are for “known unknowns”.降低项目成本和进度风险的一种预防措施。管理储备应对“未知未知”，应急储备应对“已知未知”
What are the two most common types of management reserves?  How are they used? 管理储备的两个一般形式是什么？怎样使用它们？ Cost and Schedule, used to reduce the chance of overruns in either area用于减小成本和进度任何一方的超限可能性
When is the highest risk impact generally occur? 一般而言，什么时候出现最高风险影响？ During Implementation and Close-out - the Amount at Stake is high though risk has decreased.  Risk is highest during Initiation and Planning.执行和收尾期间—高风险数量减少。启动和规划阶段风险最大。
Who is ultimately responsible for identifying and managing risk? 谁负责识别和管理风险？ Project manager项目经理
You are finding it difficult to evaluate the exact cost consequences of risks.  You should:你发现准确地评估风险的成本原因很难。你应该： Evaluate them on a qualitative basis.
In what circumstance would you have to update the Risk Response Plan? 在什么情况下你要更新风险应对计划？ If a risk occurs and has a greater impact on the project than what was anticipated. (part of Risk Monitoring and Control)当风险发生后对项目所带来的影响大与预期时（风险监控的一部分）
What should be done after competing/updating the Risk Response Plan? 完成/更新风险应对计划之后应该做些什么？ Add tasks to the WBS在工作分解结构上添加任务
How do you address unknown risks? 怎样定位未知风险？ By applying a general contingency based on past experience通过过去申请一般的偶然事件应对所积累的经验
What is a known-unknown risk? 什么是已知-未知风险？ Risk that can be identified as possibly happening (e.g. Flood if a business is located in a flood zone) 能被识别的可能发生的风险（例如：在洪水多发地区预测可能发生的洪灾）
 

Quality Questions 
What are control limits as used in control charts? 控制图表中的控制界限是什么？ Control limits describe the natural variation of a process.  Assignable cause is a point outside the control limits.控制界限描述过程的正常偏差。可找出原因的特殊事件是超出控制限度的点。
Define "kaizen"? 为kaizen定义 Continuous improvement持续改进
What is gold-plating? 什么是镀金？ Giving the customer more than what was required.  It has no value.提供给客户超出他们需求范围的东西。是没有价值的。
What is the effect of sample size on the standard deviation? 样本大小对偏差的影响是什么？ Whenever sample size increases, the standard deviation decreases.随抽样数量的增加，标准偏差降低。
What is the Rule of Seven? 七值定律是什么？ If seven or more observations in a row occur on the same side of the mean, even though within control limits, they should be investigated as an assignable cause.如果有七个以上的观测点落在均值的同一侧，虽然在控制限度之内，它们应该按特殊原因进行研究。
What is Just-In-Time? “零库存”是什么？ An inventory control approach that attempts to reduce work -in-process inventory; there is no extra stock kept in reserve通过减少库存物资（过程存货）降低成本，储备中没有多余的库存
What is meant by the cost of quality? 质量成本包括什么？ Cost of conformance and cost of nonconformance一致性和非一致性成本
How are cause and effect diagrams used? 因果图用于？ They show how various causes and subclasses relate to create potential problems.  After these are identified, corrective action can be taken. 反映潜在问题与造成问题的因素间的联系。它们被确定后，纠正行动可以实施。
What is the principal purpose of the Quality Management Plan? 质量管理计划的首要目标是什么？ To describe how the project management team will implement its quality policy描述项目管理团队如何制订项目的质量方针。
What is a Pareto Diagram? 什么是帕雷托图？ A bar chart in which data are arranged in descending order of importance.  It puts issues into an easily understood framework.一种柱状图，数据按重要性递减排序。它很容易清楚的反映问题。
What is the underlying concept of a Pareto Diagram?什么是帕雷托图的基本概念？ A relatively small number (20%) of causes will typically produce a large majority (80%) of the problems or defects. 20%的原因造成80%项目问题。

Who is ultimately responsible for quality? 谁对质量最终负责？  The individual.  The project manager has overall responsibility. 个人（谁干活谁负责）。项目经理对整体质量负责。
 
Procurement Questions 
What is make or buy analysis? 什么是自制或购买分析？ A technique used to determine whether a product can be produced cost effectively by the organization.判断组织生产某项产品总成本的一种技术（自己做和外购哪个更合适）。
What are contract incentives? 什么是合同激励？ Inducements provided by the buyer to the contractor in an attempt to ring the objectives and interests of the contractor in line with those of the buyer; positive and negative.  Usually cost effective协调买卖双方目标和利益。分积极的和消极的，通常降低成本。
What is a bidder's conference? 什么是投标人会议？ Meetings with prospective sellers to ensure that they have a clear, common understanding of the procurement; held before sellers prepare their proposals. 确保潜在供应商清晰的公平的理解需求。在供方提供他们的建议书前召开。
What is part of the contract document? 合同文件由什么组成？ Proposal, Scope of Work, Terms and Conditions (which should be the result of a risk analysis), general provision, special provisions (which takes precedence over general provisions) 建议书，工作说明书，工期和约束条件（需要进行达到目标的风险分析），常规规范，特殊规范（优先于常规规范）
What do you do if a seller does not perform according to the contract? 如果供应商未按合同规定执行，你将怎么办？ Take action. (1) Contact seller and ask what’s going on. (2) let seller know he is in default (e.g. default letter). 采取行动（1）与合同供方联系询问原因（2）让供方知道已经违约了 （如：质询函）