Excavated Material not t o Endan er or Interfere. A l l excavated material shall be so
-o5&ed as not � < 7 Z * & m T t h e Works ( f o r example, by causing
the sides of an excavation to collapse), other property or t r a f f i c . The Engineer
may order the Contractor to remove any material that the Engineer considers l i a b l e
to endanger or to i n t e r f e r e w i t h the Works, private property, t r a f f i c or
pedestrians, and to place such material at some other approved location. If the
necessity f o r such removal i s , i n the opinion of the Engineer, a r e s u l t of some
f a u l t on the p a r t of the Contractor, the cost of removal shall be borne by the
Contractor, but otherwise it w i l l be borne by the Employer.
A l l material that i s unsuitable or not required f o r b a c k f i l l i n g shall be removed
from the Site and spread, as ordered, on areas designated by the Engineer.
Reinstatement and Maintenance of Roads. The Contractor shall reinstate and maintain
� F F Z r f a c e s of a l l roadways through which trenches or other excavations have been
made. Should any subsidence occur a t the s i t e of such trench or other excavation,
the Contractor shall immediately restore the road surface t o i t s correct l e v e l .
Where immediate restoration i s impracticable, the Contractor shall provide b a r r i -
cading, l i g h t i n g and other safeguards i n terms of 5.1.1 u n t i l restoration i s
complete.
Road T r a f f i c Control. Where the work affects the operation or safety of public road
t F Z f P i h X 6 i i t E t o r shall provide, erect and main ain t r a f f i c signs that conwarning
l i g h t s as are ordered.
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Site Preparation. Shrubs, bush, stumps and debris shall be removed completely from
t h e s i t e . T r s s h a l l be uprooted as ordered and s i m i l a r l y removed. Material t o be
removed shall be disposed of to designated sites by the Contractor.
Excavation
V R T G E i n area has been cleared and, i f required, t h e t o p s o i l removed, excavation
shall be carried out f i r s t to any general levels to which the ground has t o be
reduced and a f t e r that f o r foundations, footings, etc., to the depths indicated or
to such greater depths as may be ordered or approved t o ensure satisfactory foundations,
footings, etc.
b) Except where otherwise specified, shown on the drawings, ordered or dictated by
the requirements f o r safeguarding, excavation shall be so carried out and so
trimmed to the outline o f the concrete work shown on the! drawings that the excavated
surfaces w i l l act as forms f o r the concrete work.
c) Each excavated surface on which or against which a permanent concrete structure
w i l l be placed shall be trimmed to ensure that there i s no projection outslde the
specified tolerances i n t o the excavation p r o f i l e . Such surface shall be cleaned by
hand or by a i r or other e f f e c t i v e means to remove a l l loose material. Where
required f o r subsequent b a c k f i l l i n g against structures, excavated material shall be
temporarily stockpiled.
d) Immediately before any permanent construction i s commenced, the bottom of each
excavation shall be cleaned of a l l loose material and s o f t material shall be rammed
or removed as required by the Engineer.
e) Should the Contractor excavate t o dimensions i n excess of those stipulated or
permitted, he shall f i l l i n the excess at his own expense i n the manner specified
or approved by the Engineer.
f) Borrow p i t s where and when ordered shall be so maintained that they do not
become a danger to persons and livestock. Topsoil and overburden shall be stockp
i l e d temporarily and returned to and spread over the area of the borrow p i t on
completion of the work i n such a manner that the sides are graded 1 : 2 and the f l o o r
i s self-draining, or otherwise as directed and, thereafter, any access constructed
by the Contractor shall be s c a r i f i e d and the area reinstated.
g) Excavated surfaces that w i l l remain permanently expo!;ed shall be finished o f f i n
a neat and workman1 i ke manner and shall be graded as shown on the drawings to provide
adequate drainage.
P1 ar i no
form to the South African road t r a f f i c signs manual1 ) and such barricades and
. . -- . ..3
5.2.3.1 m f i e n t s . Where approved materl’al from excavations i’j i n s u f f i c i e n t to form
&%@‘KE?Fembankments, the contractor shall , unl es; otherwise ordered, obtain the
additional material as directed from borrow p i t s a t sites approved by the Engineer. 0
Only material that
a) has been obtained from excavations or borrow p i t s or both,
b) i s free from stumps, trees, rubbish and other deletet-ious materials, and
c) has been approved,
shall be placed i n the lower layers of an embankment. aiid material o f the same or
b e t t e r q u a l i t y shall be placed i n the upper portion of ,311 embankment.
Where it i s necessary to use clay or clayey material, tqe Engineer may d i r e c t that
such material be placed not less than 1 m and not more than 6 m below the finished
surface.
Rock having a maximum dimension exceeding 600 mm shall not be placed a t the base of
an embankment.
9 SABS 1200 DA-1988
Earthworks (small works)
The material of each embankment shall, unless otherwise approved, be deposited in
layers of thickness, before compaction, not exceeding 300 mm . The material shall
be spread to form a layer that is approximately of uniform thickness, and graded
over the whole area of the embankment.
Each layer shall be compacted at OMC to the specified density.
The Contractor shall ensure that stormwater will at all times be discharged uniformly
over the full area of each embankment or through specially prepared and protected
drainage ditches to prevent scouring of the slopes.
Restricted backfill and compaction at structures. No backfilling shall be commenced
until permission to do so has been given by the Engineer. Where filling is to be
placed against or around a structure, such filling shall be placed and shall be
compacted (whether it be backfilling or embankment) simultaneously on both sides of
the structure to minimize unequal loading.
Where the use of conventional compaction plant close to a structure is not
possible, the material to be compacted shall be spread in loose layers of thickness
not exceeding 250 mm and compacted by means of mechanical tampers to at least the
density specified for that particular zone.
Compaction. The material used in the fill shall be compacted at OMC to at least
90 % of modified AASHTO maximum density. Should the material be too wet, owing to
rain or any other cause, it shall be harrowed and allowed to dry out to the correct
moisture content before compaction is undertaken.
Finish in
Final griding. On completion of earthworks to the finished level and of backfilling
of all holes, trenches and the like, the whole surface shall be graded, shaped and
compacted to final grades and levels. The surface shall be lightly watered as the
Engineer may direct.
Topsoilin . Where scheduled, topsoil shall be placed on level and slightly graded
areas and'shall be lightly ccmpacted by wheeled vehicles or by tamping, and trimmed
neatly to the required lines, grades and levels. The final thickness of topsoil
after compaction shall be at least 75 mm .
Grass or other vegetation. Where and as scheduled, grass or other vegetation shall
be planted after topsoiling has been completed. On completion of planting, the
planted area shall be neatly trimmed and well watered.
The Contractor shall ensure that the planted areas are not permitted to dry out.
Any grass or other vegetation that fails to grow shall be replaced by the Contractor,
at his expense, with fresh grass or other vegetation or seed, as appropriate,
until satisfactory cover is obtained.
Pitchin of surfs=. On completion of final grading in terms of 5.2.5.1,
*ces shall, where so scheduled, be pitched with stone or other
materials of the type and in the manner shown on the drawings and specified in
SABS 1200 DK.
Gabions. Where scheduled, gabions shall be constructed to the details and in the
manner specified in SABS 1200 DK.
Transport for Earthworks
Freehaul
a) All haul of material imported from commercial sources or from borrow pits
selected by the Contractor will be regarded as freehaul.
b) Provided that, where applicable,
1) the drawings clearly show the boundaries of the area within which the whole of
the work (including borrowing and spoiling) is to be carried out and this area
does not exceed 1,5 km x 1,5 km;
2) the drawings or mass diagrams (or both) clearly show the distances end quantities
to be moved in a series of cut and fill operations (including borrowing and
spoiling) within a prescribed servitude, wayleave or reserve;
3) the drawings clearly show the location and distances of all excavations and
designated borrow pits, embankments to be formed and disposal areas, as relevant;
and provided that freehaul distances have not been specifically stated elsewhere in
the contract documents, all haul, in addition to that of (a) above, will be
regarded as freehaul.
In the case of any of the applicable provisions listed in (b)(l)-(3) above for
which information has not been given, and provided that no other freehaul distance
has been specified elsewhere in the contract documents, the freehaul distance
within which the Contractor will be required to move material without separate compensation
shall be 0,5 km .
Overhaul. Transportation of all excavated material beyond the freehaul distances
will be regarded as overhaul. Overhaul will be classified as either limited
overhaul, or limited overhaul plus long overhaul (see 8.3.3) based on the following
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